German and Germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German and Germans class - Essay Example 308) this assault on a non military personnel transport seriously tried Wilson’s resolve yet America remained undauntedly contradicted to joining the war until nearly 22 months after the fact. The sinking of the Lusitania, and the resulting strategic line about U-vessel assaults on regular citizen and flexibly dispatches was, not, in this manner adequate motivation to legitimize American passage into the war. One of the principle reasons why America entered the war was to ensure its own money related premiums: â€Å"By September 1916 Britain was buying American products at a pace of over $210 million every month, and France at $38 million every month. (Burk, 1985, p. 14). While Germany additionally had worthwhile economic agreements with the United States, it was in no way like at this level, thus America had to consider the conceivable effect on its own position if the British and their partners ought to at last lose the war. There would be no chance in the present moment for these huge obligations to be taken care of, and this would will undoubtedly detrimentally affect the American economy for quite a long time to come. It appeared well and good, and without a doubt it was viewed as an issue of dire convenience, for America to ensure that the British were on the triumphant side in this ruthless war, thus there were exceptionally solid money related reasons why America needed to step i n and ensure this would be the ultimate result of the war. A further factor should likewise be thought of, and that is the supposed â€Å"Zimmerman note† or â€Å"Zimmermann telegram† which was a bit of discretionary correspondence sent by German representative Zimmermann to the Mexican represetative, offering regional affectations for Mexico to join the war on the German side. The proposition was, that Mexico would divert America with a war close to home, while Germans, guaranteed of triumph, would reward Mexico for its endeavors with lands taken from the southern conditions of America. The wire was furtively decoded by the British

Huge Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Teenager

Immense Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Teenager Dynamic Foundation: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon benevolent neoplasm. The enormous IMT of chest is even once in a while watched and there is not many written works portrayed the sickness. Case introduction: A 17-year-old young lady who experienced a dry hack with right chest torment. Difference improved CT indicated an enormous heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques. A careful administration methodology was effectively attempted. Expanding doctor consciousness of this substance ought to encourage acknowledgment of its clinical attributes and lab discoveries. Ends: This case recommends that a once in a while tremendous and precisely treated IMT in an adolescent and worried about the radioclinical, histopathological, remedial parts of this infection. Catchphrases Incendiary myofibroblastic tumor, Lung, Surgery Foundation Incendiary myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon amiable tumor that regularly influences kids. It has been first depicted by Brunn in 1939 [1] and it represents 0.71% of all lung tumors. [2, 3]. The starting point of the IMT is obscure, yet late examinations have demonstrated that it is a genuine tumor as opposed to a response procedure [4]. Various terms used to depict IMT incorporate provocative pseudotumor, cell fiery pseudotumor, plasma cell granuloma and incendiary fibrosarcoma. This injury comprises of fiery cells and myofibroblastic shaft cells [5, 6]. We report a case with a once in a while gigantic and carefully treated IMT in an adolescent and worried about the radioclinical, histopathological, helpful parts of this malady. Case introduction A 17-year-old young lady was alluded to our emergency clinic with a 15 days history of right chest and hack without sputum. She denied the accompanying side effects including the nearness ofhoarseness, hemoptysis, anddyspnea. Her clinical history and family ancestry were uneventful. Physical assessment uncovered ordinary breath sounds in both of the lung fields. The consequences of research center assessments, including blood vessel blood gases, hematology tests and organic chemistry tests, were inside typical cutoff points. Her Pulmonary capacity tests and cardiovascular assessment uncovered typical execution. Difference improved chest registered tomography (CT) indicated a 18ãâ€"16ãâ€"15 cm heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques attacking the whole right hemithorax and mediastinal move to one side (Fig 1A, 1B). Be that as it may, the patient wouldn't have the bronchoscopic assessment and fine-needle biopsy of the mass. As determination was not built up through imaging, medical procedure was booked. Under general sedation with particular intubation, an enormous mass (estimating 20ãâ€"17ãâ€"17 cm and weighing 2010g) with second rate vena cava and right pericardium intrusion was found and the correct center and lower flaps bronchus seemed encased by the mass. Finally, the neoplasm was totally extracted. The patient experienced a correct center and lower lobectomy, substandard vena cava angioplasty and incomplete resection of pericardium. Mediastinal lymph hub analyzation was additionally cultivated. The taking care of vessels of the mass were ligated and the mass was evacuated without tumor spillage or capsular injury. From that point onward, reexpansion of the correct upper projection was watched and a chest tube was put to deplete the pleural cavity. A postoperative roentgenogram of the chest indicated that the mediastinum had come back to its ordinary position and the correct lung was very much extended. Infinitesimal assessment uncovered a multiplicat ion of standard shaft cells displayed in fascicles, admixed with lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Extra immunohistochemistry with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- 1 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) uncovered positive and the translocation of the ALK quality was found by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). The outcomes for desmin, S-100, CD99, CD34, Myogenin, EMA and pankeratin were negative. Ki-67 proliferative movement was 8%. In light of these information, the finding of fiery myofibroblastic tumor was held. Histologic conclusion indicated a negative bronchial edge and lymph hubs liberated from danger. The patient made an uneventful postoperative recuperation and was followed up for two months without proof of repeat to date. Ends Fiery myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon massforming sore portrayed by fibroblastic or myofibroblastic axle cell expansion with differing degrees of incendiary cell penetration. The World Health Organization (WHO) characterized IMT as an unmistakable substance in 1994 [7]. Be that as it may, the colossal incendiary myofibroblastic tumor of chest is even once in a while watched and there is scarcely any written works portrayed the sickness (Table). The reason for IMT tumors is indistinct, however an immunological reaction to an irresistible specialist or noninfectious operator stays conceivable [8]. While a few journalists showed that IMT tumors are genuine neoplasms and some accept the IMT tumors to be a poor quality sarcoma with fiery cells as it has a potential for neighborhood repeat, invasion, multicentricity, and seldom metastases [9]. Additionally, ALK energy is recognized in 36% to 60% of cases and the nearness of chromosomal distortions in these tumors proposes that I MT is a neoplastic multiplication of clonal source [10]. For our situation, there was no proof of contamination or provocative reaction and no history of injury in her chest. The tumor was single and encircled, and portable. The IMT influences both genders, at any ages, with a slight power in youngsters and youthful grown-ups [4, 11]. Most patients are asymptomatic and the tumor is found unexpectedly on a chest X-beam performed for another explanation [4, 11].From the table, the entirety of the four patients were youthful grown-ups and were alluded to the medical clinic with a typical side effect of hack. In our patient, the tumor was found at an early age and the main indications were dry hack and right chest torment. Radiological perspectives are whimsical. Chest radiographs are the most by and large performed imaging study to assess the neoplasm. Most patients have a mass or an aspiratory knob, by and large estimating 1 to 6 cm in distance across [12]. On CT examines, these tumors shows ordinarily heterogenous constricting improvement [6]. Now and again the tumor can stretch out towards the hilum, mediastinum, pleura or stomach [1, 3]. As recorded in the table, all the extents of masses were gigantic and two of them were watched the attack of the mediastinal or the chest divider. There is likewise an expression of alert for our situation that the agent calcifications were seen in the centure of heterogeneous mass and it attacked the second rate vena cava and right pericardium. Infinitesimally the IMT tumor comprises of shaft molded cells that are blended in with a constant fiery part that comprises of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and incidental histiocytes. Immunohistochemistry for ALK found cytogenetic variations from the norm on chromosome 2p23 is generally explicit for IMF tumor among the range of fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors and other potential mesenchymal imitates of IMF tumor [13]. The ongoing WHO grouping of delicate tissue tumors perceives 3 essential variations of IMT: (1) inexactly sorted out myofibroblasts in an edematous myxoid foundation with plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and veins, looking like nodular fasciitis; (2) thick totals of axle cells showed in a variable myxoid and collagenized foundation and admixed with an unmistakable incendiary penetrate, diffuse bunches of plasma cells, and lymphoid knobs, taking after sinewy histiocytoma or fibromatosis; and (3) collagen sheets with dispersed plasma cells and eosinophils taking after a scar or desmoid tumor [14]. The differential analysis of IMT is follicular dendritic cell tumor and incendiary pseudotumor. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS), which was first revealed by Monda et al. in 1986, is an uncommon neoplastic expansion that displays the morphological and immunophenotypic highlights of FDCS that are among the frill cells of the lymphoid framework. The tumor cells showed positive immunohistochemical recoloring for vimentin, CD21 and CD35 just as negative recoloring for ALK-1 and SMA. Provocative pseudotumors are kind tumors generally found in the lung and they are portrayed by multiplication of axle cells (fibroblasts and myoblasts), with variable quantities of mitoses, and incendiary cells invasion, especially plasma cells. All the more as of late, the nearness of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK 1) recoloring sometimes has been proposed to be of an incentive in the affirmation of IMT and in its differentiation from different elements. A progression of studies found the translocat ion of the ALK quality by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in IMT (16). For our situation, the mass was shaft cell injury with extreme atypism and some mitosis. As appeared in Fig 2 (A, B, C), ganglion-like cells were available and the immunohistochemistry result for ALK-1 shows solid inspiration of tumor cytoplasm and translocation of the ALK quality. In view of these discoveries, her tumor might be forceful. Notwithstanding IMT is a benevolent tumor, it is considered by certain creators as a second rate tumor on account of dangerous highlights, for example, neighborhood obtrusiveness, repeat or threatening change. Complete careful resection is the proper treatment for IMT. Cerfolio and partners detailed a phenomenal guess in patients experiencing total resection of pneumonic IMT, with a 5-year endurance pace of 91.3%. Nonetheless, a 60% repeat rate in those getting inadequate resection has been accounted for in a similar report [15]. Corticosteroid monotherapy may bring about quick goals of the ailment and continued reduction (17, 18). Non-steroidal mitigating specialists (NSAIDs) as singular treatment might be very viable and narrative reaction to chemotherapy has likewise been accounted for (19). As the writing checked on in the table, three patients had the tasks by a standard posterolateral thoracotomy. Among them, two dad

Programmer Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Programmer Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips The world we live in today is a complex one. Things used to be so simple. Earlier on, whenever you needed to do something, you had to rely on the human factor.As the civilisation progressed, the majority of operations was taken over by computers.Just for comparison’ sake, there was a time when you had to pay the bills at a post office yourself, and now you can do it sitting comfortably in your living room, using merely a computer.Although this might seem a mere trifle to most of us, there is a well-organised system behind all that. The system is also known as software.As you may well guess, it took many years and many people to develop fully functional software systems as we know them today.These people are commonly referred to as programmers.Today, we would practically be lost without them and their computer programs.This is exactly the reason why education systems have recognized the importance of software developing and have organised proper courses.So, if you are a programmer l ooking for a job, here comes our little guide on how to write that perfect CV before you apply for a job.Before we go into details, know that your Curriculum Vitae (AKA CV or resume) is your professional ID. It needs to be impeccable and impressive.It is all about standing out of the mass of programmers. As you are guessing already, this is not easy to accomplish.If you are a bit worried after this remark of ours, don’t be. We know that not everyone is good at presenting themselves in the best light.Which is why we have our resume template builder, for one, and we are also presenting to you our Resume writing guide.To begin with, let us first take a look at what the basic elements of a good CV are.Before you start writing that perfect CV, you need to let this sink in:Your CV MUST draw attention;Make sure to choose a proper template (if you do not know which one is best, use our resume template builder);Your CV MUST be well organized (all relevant pieces of information should be vi sible);Choose the language which is to the point.Since we warned you that a perfect CV is a prerogative, let us now show you how to write one.Programmer Resume Example Right Programmer Resume Sample Right Create your own resumeWe have just had the chance to see a couple of good examples of curriculum vitae.Next, we will show you how to make a CV like this on your own.However, if you are still worried that you are not fit to do it, feel free to use our resume template builder.So, here comes the best part!HOW TO WRITE PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTIONPersonal information section is the first thing a potential employer takes a look at in your resume.This is where you need to provide any and all relevant information about yourself.Obviously, the pieces of information that you provide need to be one hundred per cent accurate and true, and we will explain why even if it is quite obvious and logical.Once you sit down to write that brilliant CV, it is important that you present the data in a specific order.Naturally, you need to provide your name first and after that the possible ways to get in touch with you.NameMake no mistake here since you need to provide your full name (i.e. your first and l ast name). Note that nicknames are allowed or tolerated under no circumstances.NameAlexander WilsonTara Rodriguez RightNameAlexander Smartypants WilsonTara Spitfire Rodriguez WrongUsing nicknames is a pretty informal way to address someone.They are also highly inappropriate in a resume context. Keep these for your friends and family.Believe us when we say that the potential employer does not care how goofy and silly your nickname is.When applying for a job, giving your full name is safe and the best way to go.ProfessionAs we said in the introductory part of the article, your CV is your professional ID card.As a matter of fact, at a certain point, your profession might be even more important than your name.This is why your profession needs to be precisely defined in your resume.ProfessionBachelor of Science in Computer ScienceM.S. in Computer Science RightProfessionWith college educationCompleted under- or postgraduate studies WrongDo not be vague in this case.Should it happen th at you do not have the right profession for a certain position, do not obscure this fact by providing insufficient or inaccurate data.You might have some other skills and knowledge to compensate for the current lack.PhotoPhotos are an optional addition to your CV.You absolutely do not have to include one in your resume. However, our hearty recommendation is that you provide a photo in your resume after all.The logic behind is that those resumes that do not include a photo are impersonal.People want to see the face they can put with the name, and there is nothing wrong with it.Even though the job you guys do is mostly done sitting in front of a computer, still your photo in a CV gives a more personal note.Without the photo, you might give an impression of a person dissatisfied with their looks or even that you do not care enough.This is not something that potential employers can easily let go.So if you decided to include a photo in your resume, be careful about the choice you make.Wh at we want to say is that you need to look professional.Correction, you MUST look professional. So, select your outfit with the utmost care.So as not to confuse you any further, check out the following list.Photo instructionsUnforced smileKeep your eyes naturally openHair must be clean and neatly combedLight make-up (if you are into it, ladies!)Beard must be trimmed (dear gents!)Make sure that you are alone in the photo with some neutral background. Play it safe and take a photo standing/sitting in front of a white or neutral wall.Proper posture RightPhoto instructionsGrin or laughing with your mouth wide openHaving your eyes closedMessy hairStrong make-up (for ladies)Messy/too long beard (for gents)Don’t choose group photos (of you partying, lying on the beach, or the photos with your family).Slouching WrongWe think you got the clue why things on the left will make you look better in the eyes of the potential employer than the ones on the right.If you choose a photo with any of the situations from the Wrong column, you will strike them as not taking proper care of personal hygiene or being way too much easy-go-lucky.And employers will definitely be reserved about employing someone like that.Phone NumberIncluding your current phone number, whether cell phone or landline, is just one way for potential employers to get in touch with you.Make sure that you provide this data too along with giving your e-mail address.This will enormously help the prospective employer to get in touch with you since personal contact and communication help in developing a more sincere bond between the two parties.AddressAs is the case with photo, giving your address is also optional.Nonetheless, you can include it just in case. It might seem trivial to you, but the company which is hiring would like to know this.Be honest here.Don’t cause delusion by saying that you leave nearby if you are actually living hundreds of miles away.See now why they care about this?E-mail AddressSinc e we live in the computer and internet era, almost everyone nowadays has an e-mail address or even multiple e-mail addresses.Before we give some additional tips, you would want to check this out.E-mail Addressalexwilson@gmail.comrodriguez.t@gmail.com RightE-mail Addresssmartypantswilson@gmail.comspitfiretara@gmail.com WrongWhat we wanted to tell you here is that the e-mail address you provide in a resume also needs to be “professional”. Make sure not to use those e-mail addresses that you generally use for other purposes (e.g. gaming, online shopping or other platforms) when applying for a job.Another important thing that you need to pay attention to is that your e-mail address is easy to spell and pronounce.In such a way, you will avoid potential ambiguity, especially when you need to share this detail over the phone.Social Media ProfilesSimilar to e-mails, everybody has an account on this or that social network. Being a programmer and into computers and related, it is almost unthinkable that you do not have at least one such account.Still, pay extra care when giving links to your social networks.They are a necessary evil, but when it comes to a job application, they can be pure evil.Specifically, the content you post, share or like over there might lead a potential employer to some conclusions about your personality, which are far from true.No matter how careful you are when posting contents to your social network profile, it will definitely have some content which might compromise you in the eyes of a future employer.So, think twice before you provide those links. If you still opt for doing it, make sure that the content you post has limited visibility. Pro TipUseful tip:It is always good to include a link to your LinkedIn account as it seems to do miracles. This social network is already designed for professional purposes, so it will be a proper presentation of you. On the other hand, try to stay clear of links to your Instagram profile, for example .HOW TO WRITE YOUR SUMMARY SECTIONHaving gone through the part of your resume, which is purely factual and quite simple to write, we have reached the part where things are no longer quite so simple for most of us.There is one word which perfectly describes what your Summary Section needs to be.And the word is CONVINCING!The summary is where you use fewer words to carry on the biggest load of information. But, this should not and must not be “dry”. Spice it up a little.This is a perfect time for you to rely on language. How so? Well, as simple as this.SummaryBachelor of Science in Computer Science with more than 5 years of experience.Specialized in web designing and database programming.Using strong language (invest, boost enhance, growth, proficient, etc.)Ending on a proactive note (use the acquired experience, practical and theoretical knowledge in a new atmosphere). RightSummaryCollege graduate with many years of experience. (Obviously, this is an insufficient description.)Us ing vague or weak language (good, make better, many, etc.)Sounding uninterested or “needy” (I would like to work for you). WrongWe think that the difference is more than obvious here.The left column makes you look eligible for the next vacancy in the company.However, when you take a look at the Wrong column, it looks as if you are completely uninterested.So, strong and precise language is your best friend in this case.You are not merely looking/applying for a job. You are approaching potential employers offering what’s best for them.Be smart and convince them that you are the perfect candidate they are looking for.Convince them that you are the one with skill and experience, not a beginner who either does not care for or does not want the job.HOW TO WRITE THE EXPERIENCE SECTIONThe experience section of your resume is the part which needs to fully confirm to the potential employer that you are the right person for the job in question.Note that your experience is listed startin g with the most recent job and then going step by step backwards.Again, the data you provide here need to be true and complete.You must give the full title of the companies you previously worked for, and you need to give details about the position you held as well as a brief description of the tasks you were in charge of.More precisely, this is what we had in mind. Right WrongThe column on the right side seems rather incomplete, and this is not how you should write your CV.Every employer will go for the applicant on the left since in this case, they can see all relevant information.If you still wonder why the left side is better, let us tell you this.When you give such details, your next employer knows exactly what you can do once they hire you.They do not want to guess if you can only work with one programming language and not with others.We mentioned this briefly at the beginning of the chapter, but again, you need to know that you are not allowed to provide false details in your experience section.Everything you list can be easily checked and verified, so do not put yourself into an embarrassing situation.If you maybe do not have sufficient experience or you have none whatsoever, do not be afraid to say so.Your potential employer will value your honesty more than the false data you give them.In such a case, be proactive and let them know you are ready to turn theory into practice and take the load off of other programmers working in the company you are applying for. Pro TipUseful tip:Your Experience section should not include those jobs that have nothing to do with the position you are applying for. Sorry for saying this, but if it has nothing to do with the current vacancy you are seeking to fulfill the employer simply does not care about it.However, if all of this sounds too boring for you, feel free to use our resume template builder. It will make your life so much easier.GUIDELINES ON WRITING YOUR EDUCATION SECTIONAs a rule, your education section comes after the experience section.As it turns out, your experience bears larger significance, which is why it is given priority ranking.Without further delay, check out this distinction. Right WrongIf and when necessary, your education is also listed in reverse chronological order. In this case, there was no need to do it since if you have a college degree (undergraduate or postgraduate), it is just fine to include only the highest degree you obtained.What you need to know is that including your GPA is not obligatory.Still, if you were a brilliant student, feel free to let the world know it.The same is true for special scholarships. Don’t be afraid to show how excellent you were/are.HOW TO WRITE YOUR SKILLS SECTIONWhen it comes to your skills section, make sure not to overdo it.There is no need for you to list any and all skills you possess.SkillsC++JavaExceptional analytical skillsComputer troubleshooting skillsProficient in interpersonal communication with an accent on problem-solving and avoiding conflictsOrJavaSQLPythonProviding quick and simple and yet reliable troubleshooting solutions due to the ana-lytical mindGoal-oriented RightSkillsLanguagesSpanishEnglishFr ench WrongIn this case, it is not enough to say that you are good in programming languages. There are many of those, and you need to be very specific since companies might not pay attention to you thinking how you are covering for your lack of knowledge by being vague.Also, do not include those skills which have nothing to do with the job post you are applying for. As we have simplified here, you are applying for a programmer, not a chef’s assistant.Languages are given as a special subheading to the skills section. Here, this is what you need to pay attention to.LanguagesEnglish (Native)German (Advanced)Spanish (Intermediate) RightLanguagesSpanishEnglishFrench WrongAlways make sure that you indicate the level of your knowledge when it comes to languages.Again, the company hiring would like to know if they can rely on you to communicate with foreign clients.Don’t deceive them by saying you have native fluency in Mandarin (we all know how unrealistic that is!) if you only know the basics.Speaking of general interests listed at the end of your resume, it is fine to include those activities that you like doing in your free time. It is here where you can list cooking, for example.Still, do not list too many of these. It is enough to include only those activities that you truly like the most, and that can make you look good in the eyes of an employer (2-3 points maximum).And if after all of this you still think you are not fit for writing a CV all by yourself, then use our resume template builder and spare yourself some precious time while hunting for a perfect job.ADDITIONAL TIPS TRICKSALWAYS double check your writing for grammar or punctuation mistakes.ALWAYS make sure that the data you provide is full and true to the best of your knowledge.PRECISION is your best friend! Avoid lengthy summaries at any cost, since nobody will pay attention to them.ALWAYS customise your resume CV to the vacancy you are applying for.CONCLUSIONThe ideal job you have always wan ted does not just fall from the sky. It takes a lot of hard work, such as education and constant learning.So once you go through this process, you are faced with the boring application process, selection, interviews, etc.If you want to get selected, you need to make a worthy impression on the potential employer.This is where the impeccable resume needs to do its part of the job.An impeccable resume implies only the best personal and professional details which help the employer to choose you as the next employee.The purpose of this article is to provide the most important general guidelines on how to write your programmer CV.Good luck! Create your own resume

Role Of Unions During The United States - 899 Words

Role of Unions in the United States According to Dias, a union is an organization of employees that forms to negotiate or bargain with an employer (Dias, 2012). Unions are a part of our Nation’s history, allowing workers the power to negotiate wages, work hours, benefits, health and safety guidelines, training, and other work related issues, and helped to create todays labor standards. These standards include minimum wage, social security, eight-hour workday and weekends, overtime pay, the American with Disabilities Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Unions help to ensure fairness in the workplace and to give a diverse workforce an equal voice. Wages and Work Hours According to Voos, â€Å"there is now a substantial body of research evidence on the economic impact of U.S. unions† (2009). Unions are not outdated; they continue to make progress by enforcing better wages by reducing the income unfairness between men, women, different racial or ethnic groups, and different age groups. Income inequality has a major impact on today’s economy. â€Å"The growth of income inequality in the U.S. and the related decline of the middle class are critical factors in the current economic crisis: the collapse in the housing market, the crisis of inadequate capital in the nation’s banking institutions, the decline in the stock market, the free-fall in consumer spending, declining employment and other aspects of the recession that are worsening daily† (Voos, 2009). A declining orShow MoreRelatedThe Soviet Union And North Korea During The Korean War1703 Words   |  7 PagesThis analysis will evaluate the reasons why the Soviet Union chose to deny that they militarily supported North Korea during the Korean War. This topic might confuse many because the Soviet Union and North Korea were allies during the Korean War and they also supplied weapons to North Korea, trained their soldiers, and even helped plan and approved the invasion of South Korea. I will conduct an investigation to determine the reason the Soviet Union chose to hide their support for North Korea and I willRead MoreWomen s Dependency During World War I1654 Words   |  7 Pagesvery trivial role in the United States’ society. Women have been devoiced for centuries. One important reason being that there was a lack of women s dependency in society. During World War I women’s dependency society had increased tremendously. Women stepped up to maintain the work of their husband, brothers and fathers who were soldiers in the Great War. The United States was reluctant to go into war for three reasons. The United States felt that by staying neutral that the United States would haveRead MoreCurrent Events and US Diplomacy on Truman Doctrine957 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Events and US Diplomacy: The introduction of the Truman Doctrine in March 1947 by President Harry S. Truman was an outline for the basic foreign policy that America would use against Communism and the Soviet Union for nearly four decades. While President Truman assumed office while inexperienced in global affairs, the doctrine demonstrated his firm stewardship on foreign policy. The doctrine, which was eventually adopted as an international relations policy, was introduced in a speechRead MoreThe Civil War : The Greatest And Most Catastrophic War Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War is an essential event in America s history. The Civil War determined what kind of nation the United States would be. Would it be a breakable confederation of absolute states or an indivisible nation with an absolute national government ? Northern victory of the war protected the United States as one nation and ended the foundation of slavery which had separated the country initially. However, those results came at the value of many lives.Nearly 625,000 American soldiers lives wereRead MoreFidel Castro Is The Man Associated With The Failure And1037 Words   |  5 Pagesfailure and success of Cuba throughout the 20th Century. This essay will explore his role and influence in one of humanity s darkest moments, the Cuban missile crisis, which was a defining moment in Castro’s political life. As the leader of Cuba during the Cold War and Cuban missile crisis, he was responsible for defending Cuba sovereignty and interests amongst the superpower - the United States and Soviet Union. Memoirs would argue that former US President Kennedy believed Castro was a very importantRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 Pages1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fields, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclear conflicts and managing the economy in order to successfully fund research in order to out-advance the Soviet Union were just two conflicts the U.S. faced during the Cold War. The U.S. consistently stayed ahead of the Soviet Union during the arms race, and had adequate funding to do so, so therefore they wereRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pagesend of world War ||. The cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of America. The end of the cold war was resulted of which reasons are also discussed in the paperRead MoreThe Economic And Social Influence Of The Soviet Union952 Words   |  4 Pagesconfrontation between the Soviet Union on in the United States of America unleashed (Holitz, 2010, 162). Despite bein g in the convenient marriage during the war (Holitz, 2010, 165), these great powers started their own campaigns for global supremacy and international economic and social influence. The United States of America was recognized as a leader of the free world and the main protagonist of the capitalistic model of country development. The USSR, in its turn, emphasized the role of socialism, controlledRead MoreThe Cold War and Its Effect on The History of America Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocratic United States of America and the communist Soviet Union. For over fifty years the two superpowers fought each other indirectly for power and control of the world. The Cold War started after the end of the Second World War in 1945 when the eyes of both superpowers were no longer looking at Nazi Germany, but instead at each other and the fate of the rest of the world. The Cold War began after the Second World War had ended, although tensions between the two new superpowers, United States an d SovietRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has been constructed around the ideas of sovereignty and free will. There were many movements that have taken place in history that have made this country’s policy on freedom so unique; unique in how the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has

David Hume s Theory Of The Principle Of Cause And Effect

If one were to accept David Hume’s account of the principle of cause and effect, then it would follow that modern science lacks foundation and is therefore wrong. In a society focused on progress and heavily based on science, the repercussions of science being unusable would be astronomical. It would call into question all aspects of daily life, as well as the past, present, and future of humanity. However, if one were to focus on a single aspect of the scientific method, namely developing theories, then perhaps it would not be necessary to regard its principles with such a high level of skepticism. Unlike religion, which Hume as issues with as well, science is not an ideology. Rather, science is a process of finding the best possible representations of facts in nature. Along those same lines, science is not stagnant. Testing a hypothesis may lead to the development of a theory, but testing does not stop simply because a theory exists. Furthermore, scientists do not accept the ir theories as the ultimate truth, or even truth at all. Instead, they are positing that so far the data supports that theory and that there is no known data that contradicts the theory. With that viewpoint, scientists are being critical, but not skeptical. During the time in which Hume lived, scientists were quickly developing theories in regards to medicine. Scientists and doctors worked tirelessly to find answers for diseases, both why they occurred and how they could be cured. Particularly in theShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Hume Hume, David, 1711-76, Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume carried the empiricism of John Locke and George Berkeley to the logical extreme of radical skepticism. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, finding in the mind nothing but a series of sensations, and held that cause-and-effect in the natural world derives solely from the conjunction ofRead MoreWilliam Of Ockham And David Hume931 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinating parallels between William of Ockham and David Hume, highlighting for example, the Regularist View of Causality. Answer: David Hume William of Ockham Hume did not deny causation. He embraced it. But he did say that empirical methods could not logically prove its necessity, as observations only show a constant conjunction of events, a regular succession of A followed by B, which leads the mind to the inference of cause and effect. For Hume, causality is something humans naturally believeRead MoreEssay about The Regularity View of Causation1721 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Hume is a British empiricist which means that he thought that all knowledge is ultimately rooted in sense experience and that all of our ideas derive from preceding impressions of sense or reflection, this theory had a huge effect on Humes account of causation. In this essay I will look at Humes account of causation and examine if any version of the Regularity View of causation can be defended. Before we look at the Regularity View of Causation it is important to look at Humes Copy PrincipleRead MoreDescartes v Hume Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuous existence having no other exact equal, i.e. the one and only. Whether or not the specific characteristic(s) used to define self are objectively real, i.e. physical attributes, or purely subjective, i.e. imaginary traits, the concept makes distinct one entity from another. Rationalism is the theory that truth can be derived through use of reason alone. Empiricism, a rival theory, asserts that truth must be established by sensual experience: touch, taste, smell, et al. Rene Descartes, a philosopherRead MoreFree Will Compatible With Determinism Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagespast events controlling their life or have the ability to freely choose the next step moving forward or even a combination of both. Determinism, especially the variation of soft determinism (cf.William James) or compatibilism, is supported as a theory of free will by a many of philosophers, each with special vested interests in one or more of the many determinisms. Determinism suggest that only one course of events is possible, which is inconsistent with the existence of free will thus conceivedRead MoreIdealism And Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius1584 Words   |  7 PagesLuis Borges’ short work of fiction titled â€Å"Tlà ¶n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius† grapples with many philosophic issues. In the main, this short story deals with the philosophic notion of subjective idealism as posed by George Berkeley’s Treatise Concerning Principles of Human Knowledge. Within this essay I argue that, while he acknowledges the presumed irrefutability of Berkeley’s argument, Borges’ â€Å"Tlà ¶n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius† aims to disparage both totalitarianism and Berkeleyan idealism by drawing an analogyRead MoreAntecedents of Cognitive Psychology1680 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Cognitive psychology refers t o all the processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used.† Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology British Empiricism: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume John Locke (1632-1704) He proposed the theory of knowledge in which he suggested an explanation of how we came to know the world. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he attacked the notion of innate ideas, but rather claimed that all the ideas of human came fromRead MoreHumans : Humans Compassionate Or Aggressive?1880 Words   |  8 Pagesnaturally compassionate. Humans as a whole do not want suffering, and a good portion of the world would be completely content with a peaceful compassionate world. While the humans are a complicated species this paper will display the theories of compassion by David Hume, biologist Franz De Waal, and many other different sources who are speaking on the topic of compassion. The significance of this question is extremely relevant to today’s society. With all the different conflicts in the world it isRead More Humes Wide Construal of the Virtues Essay3865 Words   |  16 Pagesquantity of virtues discussed and their obvious moral significance. A conservative estimate of the various virtues Hume refers to in his moral writings would put the number at around seventy, with the more untraditional ones including wit, good manners, and dialog. Unsurprisingly, Humes critics have attacked him for making nonsense of the concept of virtue by construing it so widely. Hume was aware that his broad understanding of virtue was controversial and he offered several defenses for it. AfterRead MoreScience Can Not Be Defined1531 Words   |  7 Pages Science Cannot be Defined Calvin Berndt Philosophy of Science Spring 2015 05/03/2015 â€Æ' There are a multitude of conflicting theories that aim to conclude the definition of science, and all of them have underlying issues that make them inadequate in giving a definitive definition. According to Dictionary.com the current prevailing definition of science is â€Å"the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment (Dictionary, n.d

Bonus Issue Announcement Free Essays

string(51) " issues announcements in the Australian Companies\." The term bonus means an extra dividend paid to shareholders in a joint stock company from surplus profits. When a company has accumulated a large fund out of profits – much beyond its needs, the directors may decide to distribute a part of it amongst the shareholders in the form of bonus. Bonus can be paid either in cash or in the form of shares. We will write a custom essay sample on Bonus Issue Announcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cash bonus is paid by the company when it has large accumulated profits as well as cash to pay dividend.Many a time, a company is not in a position to pay bonus in cash in spite of sufficient profits because of unsatisfactory cash position or because of its adverse effects on the working capital of the company. In such a position, the company pays a bonus to its shareholders in the form of shares; a free share thus issued is known as a bonus share. A bonus share is a free share of stock given to current/existing shareholders in a company, based upon the number of shares that the shareholder already owns at the time of announcement of the bonus.While the issue of bonus shares increases the total number of shares issued and owned, it does not increase the value of the company. Although the total number of issued shares increases, the ratio of number of shares held by each shareholder remains constant. An issue of bonus shares is referred to as a bonus issue. Depending upon the constitutional documents of the company, only certain classes of shares may be entitled to bonus issues, or may be entitled to bonus issues in preference to other classes.Bonus share is free share in fixed ratio to the shareholders. for exp. . reliance ind. ltd. issue bonus share in 1:1 ratio and Rs. 13. 00 as dividend/share Sometimes a company will change the number of shares in issue by capitalizing its reserve. In other words, it can convert the right of the shareholders because each individual will hold the same proportion of the outstanding shares as before. Main reason for issuance is the price of the existing share has become unwieldy. Benefits of bonus issue * Conservation of Cash.The issue shares allows the company to declare a dividend without using up the cash that may be used to finance the profitable investment opportunities within the company and thus company can maintain its liquidity position. * Under Financial Difficulty and Contractual Restrictions. When a company faces stringent cash difficulty and is not in a position to distribute dividend in cash, or where certain restrictions to pay dividend in cash are put under loan agreement, the only way to satisfy the shareholders or to maintain the confidence of the shareholders is the issue of bonus shares. * Remedy for Under-Capitalization.In the state of under-capitalization, the rate of divided is very much high. In order to lower down the rate of dividend, the company issued bonus shares instead of paying dividend in cash. * Widening the Share Market. If the market value of a company’s share is very high, it may not appeal to small investors. By issuing bonus shares, the rate of dividend is lowered down and consequently share price in the market is also brought down to a desired range of activity and thus trading activity would increase in the share market. Now small investors may get an opportunity to invest their funds in low priced shares. Economical Issue of Securities. The cost of issue of bonus shares is the minimum because no underwriting commission, brokerage etc. is to be paid on this type of issue. Existing shareholders are allotted bonus shares in proportion to their present holdings. Stock prices as a rule adjust to new information. In an efficient market, this adjustment is instantaneous and accurate. Event studies to test market. Efficiency, therefore, examine the speed of adjustment of stock prices to the release of new, relevant information to investors. One such ‘event’ is the announcement of bonus issues by companies. While accountants view bonus issues as pure book-keeping entries which leave total equities and total assets unchanged and hence have no real economic significance, for investors, however, bonus issues lead to an upward revision in their expectations regarding future earnings and dividends. Generally, therefore, an upward drift in stock prices is associated with such announcements. If markets are efficient, and no learning lags exist, the adjustment in stock prices would be prompt. LITERATURE REVIEW The relationship between bonus issue and share prices has been the subject of much empirical discussion within the finance literature.Empirical research have shown that the market generally reacts positively to the announcement of a bonus issue (see for example, US – Foster ;amp; Vickrey (1978), Woolridge (1983), Grinblatt et al (1984), and McNichols ;amp; Dravid (1990); Canada – Masse et al (1997); NZ- Anderson et al (2001); Sweden – Lijleblom (1989)). The hypothesis that has received strongest support in explaining the positive market reaction to bonus issue announcements is the signalling hypothesis, which suggests that ‘the announcement of a bonus issue conveys new information to the market in instances where managers have asymmetric information’.This hypothesis has received almost unequivocal support with few exceptions (for example, Papaioannou, Travlos and Tsangarakis (2000)2). Having a global look it is found that stock dividend announcements in Greece are almost fully anticipated by the market and do not contain any new information; thus, they have little signaling benefit. However, a Canadian study Masse et al. (1997), revealed investigating the impact of stock dividend announcements on the value of firms listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, found significant and positive abnormal returns around the announcement date.Ganga and Gunuratne (2009) in respect to CSE (Colombo stock Exchange) suggested that the market responds significantly on bonus  issues with a large price appreciation on the announcement day itself. Positive sentiments start well prior to the event and continue up to about further 6 market days creating both statistically and financially significant arbitrage opportunities According to a research conducted by Balachandran Balasingham ;amp; Tanner Sally (2001) examined the price reaction to bonus issues announcements in the Australian Co mpanies. You read "Bonus Issue Announcement" in category "Papers"They concluded that Bonus issue announcements led to statistically significant positive price reaction around announcement dates for uncontaminated and contaminated events. Whereas Miller and Modigliani (1961) demonstrated theoretically that the bonus issues, along with other types of dividends, do not alter shareholder’s wealth. Sloan (1987) provided Australian evidence that bonus issues do not affect shareholder’s wealth.Ball, Brown and Finn (1977) investigated stock price reaction around the announcements of ‘stock capitalization changes’ (bonus stock issues, stock splits and rights issues) in Australia for the period between 1960 and 1969 using monthly data. They found 20. 2% abnormal returns for 13 months up to end including the month of bonus issue announcements. Adaoglu,C. and Lasfer,M. A. (2008), examined (Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE)) market valuation of bonus issue which are mainly financed by the revaluations of assets equity reserves in an inflationary economic setting.They found a positive excess return on the announcement day for these bonus issues similar to the market reaction to stock dividends Studies have been carried out in recent years to test the announcement effect of bonus issue in the Indian stock market. Ramachandran (1985) examined mixed evidence for semi-strong form efficiency of Indian stock market. Obaidullah (1992) and Rao (1994) found positive stock market reaction to equity bonus announcements. Foster and Vickrey (1978), Grinblatt (1984), McNichols and Dravid (1990), Lijleblom (1989), reviewed in their study that the market reacts positively to the announcement of bonus issue.In a investigation done by Dhar Satyajit and Chhaochharia Sweta on Indian Stock Market ,they found that Bonus issues are considered to be cosmetic events. Interestingly , they found that bonus issues results in sharp spike on the announcement date. Asim Mishra (2003) found a positive cumulative abnormal return around the bonus issue announcement Fama et al. (1969) carried out his study on relation of announcement effect to stock split and stock dividend and concluded that two types of events are associated with positive stock market effect.Since then other studies have done in the same area. According to Lakonishoke ;amp; Lev (1987), a stock split and a stock dividend change the stock price to a more optimal trading range thus increases the demand for stock, leading a positive stock price effect. Forjan and McCorry (1995) argued for the increase market liquidity. Number of shareholders also increases after a stock split (Dolly, 1933, Barker, 1956, and Lamoureuxs and Poon, 1987). Other studies have also supported optimal trading range (Johanson, 1966, Mcnocholas and Dravid, 1990, Mayers and Barkay, 1956). Market makers are more active in promoting the stock leading to a positive stock market effect (Angel, 1977; and Shultz, 2000). Ross (1977) ;amp; Leyland and Pyle (1977) examined that mangers make use of the financial decisions regarding stock split and stock dividend to convey private information about the current value of the firm. Brennan and Copeland (1988), Brennan and Hughes (1991) study says that, the declarations of bonus issues convey favorable private information about the future earnings to the investors.Rao and Geetha (1996) investigated that one could not make excess money in the stock market by studying that patterns of abnormal returns of announcements made earlier. Srinivasan (2002) found extremely large positive abnormal returns on ex-bonus and ex-rights dates for equity stocks. Mishra (2005) found significant positive abnormal returns for a five-day period prior to bonus announcement. Similar study by Budhraja et al (2004) suggests that abnormal returns in stock pri ces around the bonus announcement date over a three day trading period starting one day before the announcement date is significant at 95% confidence limit. It also says that much of the information in the bonus announcement gets impounded into stocks by the time of announcement. Dhar,S. ,Chhaochharia,S. , Market Reaction Around the Stock Splits and Bonus Issues: Some Indian Evidence, examined that bonus issues result in sharp spike on the announcement date. Stock splits announcements are resulting in positive returns during entire event window although effect on announcement date is not that sharp. It may be due to the fact that stock splits are more common for momentum stocks whereas bonus issues are made for all type of stocks.Barnes and Ma (2002) observe the stock price behavior in response to the bonus issues and they observe positive abnormal returns. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY * To find out the effect of bonus issues in Indian Stock Exchange. * To find out the effect on Indian Stock Exchange, before and after the bonus issue announcement. * To find out effect on excess returns, abnormal returns, trading volume and abnormal volume. * To open new vistas for further research. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study was descriptive in the nature. The population of the study was the Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange.The sampling frame of the study consisted of all the companies involved in the formation of Indian Stock Exchange from the financial years 2004-2010. The sample size was all the companies listed on the Indian Stock Exchange. Individual Company, which issued bonus issues in Indian Stock Exchange, during the study period, acted as the sampling element. Non-probability judgmental sampling technique was used. Secondary data of all the stocks added in Indian Stock Exchange from 2004-2010 was collected from official websites of nse india and individual companies was used for data collection.Tools for data analysis 1. Price effects: Researcher has evaluated the price effects of National Stock Exchange changes by examining the abnormal returns around the announcement day. Two different measures of abnormal returns are used: First, we calculate the excess return as the difference between the stock return and the return on the relevant index; this measure is the market-adjusted return measure used by Lynch and Mendenhall (1997) and Chen, Noronha and Singal (2004), among others. Next, the abnormal returns were computed.The market model parameters are estimated over a 240-day preannouncement window (ranging from -280 days to -41 days relative to the announcement day) with the index returns as the proxy for the market portfolio1. 2. Abnormal Returns= Difference between the stock return and the return on the relevant index i. e. (Stock Return- Returns of Index) Hypotheses1: there is no change in Excess Returns between ones before and ones after the bonus issue. Hypotheses2: there is no change in Abnormal Returns between ones before and ones after the bonus issue. 3. Normal Distribution TestFirstly, normal distribution of all the stock was checked through normal distribution test. This was done through One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test on the SPSS software. It was found that all the companies’ stock return and stock volume data was normally distributed. So the data was not distributed abnormally. 4. T- Tests T-test was applied in order to assess whether the means of stock returns before and after the inclusion are statistically different from each other or not. It means to examine whether there was any significant difference between them or not.It was carried out on SPSS software and it was found that there is significant level between them. Similarly T-test was applied in order to assess whether the means of stock volume before and after the bonus issues are statistically different from each other or not. It was carried out on SPSS software and it was found that there is significant level between them. The test of equality of mean in the data processing is basically using t test. The day of execution (t0) is not included in the data compared to avoid the overreaction effect on the day of bonus announcement.The research conducted by Nuryadin (2004) and Lamoureux and Poon (1987) had done a similar methodology to study the volume change of individual companies on the day of bonus announcement. Results and Discussion Previous research on bonus issues has not discovered any significant differences in price reaction around announcement dates between bonus issue announcements One of the most common experimental designs is the â€Å"pre-post† design. A study of this type often consists of two measurements taken on the same subject, one before and one after the introduction of a treatment or a stimulus.The basic idea is simple. If the treatment had no effect, the average difference between the measurements is equal to 0 and the null hypothesis holds. On the other hand, if the treatment did have an effect (intended or unintended! ), the average difference is not 0 and the null hypothesis is rejected. In the present research impact of bonus issue on the stock return is seen. The difference between the pre issue returns and post issue returns is seen on the companies listed continuously in Nifty from 2005-06 to 2009-2010. Stock returns are analysed over a sample frame from 30, 60, 90 and 240 days prior to the bonus issue announcements to 30, 60, 90 and 240 days subsequent to the announcement. stock returns are calculated over various event windows. To reflect the potentiality of event- induced variances this study used the paired sample t test. The Paired-Samples T Test procedure is used to test the hypothesis of no difference between two variables. The data may consist of two measurements taken on the same subject or one measurement taken on a matched pair of subjects. Testable HypothesesH1: Companies undertaking bonus issues will experience positive announcement period stock returns. H01: There is no significant difference between the pre and post returns mean. We hypothesise that the companies in our sample will experience positive announcement period stock returns on the basis that these announcements convey favourable information regarding the company’s future prospects to less informed market (see for example, Foster and Vickrey (1978), Woolridge (1983), Grinblatt et al (1984), McNichols and Dravid (1990) and Anderson et al (2001).Table 1: T test Results for 30 days windows COMPANY NAME| 30 days | | t-test| Significance Level| Hypothesis Accepted/Rejected| | | | | DABUR| 0. 618| 0. 545| REJECTED| GAIL| 0. 467| 0. 646| ACCEPTED| HCL| -0. 175| 0. 863| ACCEPTED| INFOSYS| 0. 562| 0. 58| ACCEPTED| ONGC| -0. 701| 0. 493| ACCEPTED| CIPLA| 1. 304| 0. 211| REJECTED| RELIANCE| 0. 575| 0. 572| REJECTED| TCS| 0. 276| 0. 786| ACCEPTED| The results of paired t test applied on the pre and post 30 days returns showed that For GAIL, HCL,INFOSYS, ONGC and TCS there is no difference between the pre and post announcement returns.For DABUR, CIPLA nad RELIANCE the pre and post Announcement period stock returns have statistically significantly Difference. Therefore, for these companies we can conclude that the positive reaction on announcement period is predominantly attributed to bonus issue announcements. These findings support for the signalling hypothesis consistent with our first hypothesis (H1). In summary, announcement period results indicate strong support for hypothesis one, as companies issuing bonus shares appear to experience positive and significant announcement period abnormal returns.COMPANY NAME| 60 days| | t-test| Significance Level| Hypothesis Accepted /Rejected| | | | | DABUR| 1. 413| 0. 166| REJECTED| GAIL| 0. 42| 0. 677| ACCEPTED| HCL| -0. 457| 0. 651| ACCEPTED| INFOSYS| -0. 667| 0. 508| ACCEPTED| ONGC| -1. 116| 0. 272| ACCEPTED| CIPLA| 1. 409| 0. 167| REJECTED| RELIANCE| 0. 486| 0. 63| ACCEPTED| TCS| -0. 063| 0. 95| ACCEPTED| The results of paired t test applied on the pre and post 60 days returns showed that For GAIL, HCL,INFOSYS, ONGC, RELIANCE and TCS there is no difference between the pre and post announcement returns.For DABUR, and CIPLA the pre and post Announcement period stock returns have statistically significantly Difference. Therefore, for these companies we can conclude that the positive reaction on announcement period is predominantly attributed to bonus issue announcements. These findings support for the signalling hypothesis consistent with our first hypothesis (H1). In summary, announcement period results indicate strong support for hypothesis one, as companies issuing bonus shares appear to experience positive and significant announcement period abnormal returns.COMPANY NAME| 90 days| | t-test| Significance Level| Hypothesis Accepted/Rejected| | | | | DABUR| 0. 435| 0. 665| ACCEPTED| GAIL| 0. 724| 0. 472| REJECTED| HCL| -0. 592| 0. 556| ACCEPTED| INFOSYS| -0. 771| 0. 444| ACCEPTED| ONGC| -0. 896| 0. 374| ACCEPTED| CIPLA| 1. 952| 0. 056| REJECTED| RELIANCE| 0. 868| 0. 389| REJECTED| TCS| 0. 053| 0. 958| ACCEPTED| The results of paired t test applied on the pre and post 90 days returns showed that For, DABUR, HCL, INFOSYS, ONGC and TCS there is no difference between the pre and post announcement returns.For GAIL, CIPLA nad RELIANCE the pre and post Announcement period stock returns have statistically significantly Difference. Therefore, for these companies we can conclude that the positive reaction on announcement period is predominantly attributed to bonus issue announcements. These findings support for the signalling hypothesis consistent with our first hypothesis (H1). In summary, announcement period results indicate strong support for hypothesis one, as companies issuing bonus shares appear to experience positive and significant announcement period abnormal returns.COMPANY NAME| 240 days | | t-test| Significance Level| Hypothesis Accepted/Rejected| | | | | | | DABUR| 0. 607| 0. 545| REJECTED| | GAIL| -0. 441| 0. 66| ACCEPTED| | HCL| 0. 274| 0. 785| ACCEPTED| | INFOSYS| -1. 047| 0. 297| ACCEPTED| | ONGC| -0. 12| 0. 905| ACCEPTED| | CIPLA| 1. 828| 0. 069| REJECTED| | RELIANCE| 0. 703| 0. 483| REJECTED| | TCS| -1. 769| 0. 079| ACCEPTED| | The results of paired t test applied on the pre and post 240 days returns showed that For GAIL, HCL, INFOSYS, ONGC and TCS there is no difference between the pre and post announcement returns.For DABUR, CIPLA and RELIANCE the pre and post Announcement period stock returns have statistically significantly Difference. Therefore, for these companies we can conclude that the positive reaction on announcement period is predominantly attributed to bonus issue announcements. These findings support for the signaling hypothesis consistent with our first hypothesis (H1). In summary, announcement period results indicate strong support for hypothesis one, as companies issuing bonus shares appear to experience positive and significant announcement period abnormal returns.CONCLUSION This study examines the return reaction to bonus issues announcements. Bonus issue announcements led to statistically significant positive price reaction around announcement dates. The results in general have indicated that HCL, INFOSYS, TCS, ONGC are the companies which have no significant differences in the pre and post bonus issue announcement returns. On the other side CIPLA came out to be the company whose returns were significantly differencet in the pre and post bonus issue announcement.Looking to the other side, GAIL is the organisation which shows no significant differences in the pre and post bonus issue announcement returns for 30, 60, 240 days window but for 90 days window significant differences in the pre and post bonus issue announcement returns are seen. This mean impact of bonus share announcement is shown after 90 days. Similarly for DABUR, there is a significant differences in the pre and post bonus issue announcement returns when test are carried out for 30, 60, 240 days windows, but for 90 days window, there comes no significant differences in the pre and post bonus issue announcement returns. The magnitude of price reactions to bonus issue announcement found to be statistically significantly related to the size of the bonus issue and preannouncement effect This study provides additional evidence of industry influence. Results obtained for IT companies (based on industry classification of the issuing Companies), indicate weaker announcement period return reaction as compared to pharmaceutical company Overall, then, evidence presented in this paper lend considerable support for signalling hypothesis and consistent with the findings in US, Sweden, Canada and New Zealand.Signalling effect is stronger for industrial nonfinancial and mining companies than financial companies. How to cite Bonus Issue Announcement, Papers

Jane Eyre, chapter 23 Essay Example

Jane Eyre, chapter 23 Paper My favourite part in the book is chapter 23. In this chapter Mr Rochester proposes to Jane. I like it because it is probably the most descriptive and varying chapter in the book. A lot happens and the beginning is not explained, and the language that is used is most captivating. A lot of the loose ends in the previous chapters are tied up and things start to be explained. At this point in the book summer is at its fullest. Most of the story so far has been written in the winter but because the day is so beautiful it starts to set the scene as a pleasant one. It makes you feel happy and starts to set the atmosphere of the chapter to one with good endings and ideas. At the beginning Jane tries to avoid Rochester. She tries to avoid being watched by Mr Rochester. This builds up suspense and tension because you are not sure why she is hiding from Mr Rochester and makes you wonder what will happen if they do encounter each other. There are lots of reasons she could be hiding from Mr Rochester. It is obvious that she wants to be on her own to think and enjoy the garden. And this antique garden as attractive. She sees the garden as a place to react and a space in which to finally enjoy Thornfeild Hall. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre, chapter 23 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre, chapter 23 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre, chapter 23 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She describes the garden as Eden-like. In fact all through this chapter the idea of Eden is portrayed through out the chapter. The sweet smells, the feelings of content, and the ideas that they are joined under the rib. She was trying to avoid confrontation with Rochester because she was confused about her feelings for him and worried that if she did see him she would break into tears because of the sheer desperation on the fact she cannot have him. In fact when they do talk she does start to sob convulsively. She knows that he wishes to be married but does not want to leave him so she tries to avoid him in a desperate effort for a longer stay at Thornfeild. She does not want to talk about Miss Ingram again. Jane is subconsciously jealous of her. Miss Ingram is very pretty were as Jane is plain and obscure thing. She also does not want to have one of the manly talks Rochester tried to make her have. Previously in the book Jane has realised that she loves him and if he talks about Miss Ingram she might get hurt or embarrassed again. Before they approach the shrubbery she smell his cigar smoke clogging up the sweet perfume of the flowers. Which is strange because the smell of flowers are overwhelming. The smell of a cigar is bitter and horrid. Which could mean that things are not completely wonderful. She quickly flees. When she finds him following her she enters the shrubbery to stay hidden she believes he will not follow. This made me wonder why she was so scared of being found. Mr Rochester is always aware of her presence. He follows her round the garden. This is a very romantic idea which can make you idolise the idea that where ever she is Rochester can sense her. As she tries to slip away he very calmly and softly tells her to come and look at this fellow. Which is a quick divert and grab of attention. What he is telling her to look at is a moth. Moths can symbolise change into beauty, maybe Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is saying Jane will change in to something more beautiful. As he said those words he did not turn his head to look at her or give any indication that he had noticed her. She had made no noise and was surprised at his voice. Maybe he was also aware that she did not want to talk so he cornered her. This particular event captured my attention. When they start talking Mr Rochester starts it off by being mean and hurtful telling her that she has to leave since he is to be married to Miss Ingram. This makes the atmosphere very tense and makes you feel sorry for Jane because how ever plain she is you want her to get her shining prince. He tells her that she has to advertise for a new post somewhere else. He says she can stay in Ireland and gives her the most obviously made up name, Mrs OGall of Bitternutt Lodge the names suggest unpleasant things with Bitternutt and OGall. Mr Rochester then completely changes tact and says And your will shall be your destiny, I offer you my heart, my hand, and a share of all my possessions. He asks this about seven times. She at first disbelieves him she says that he loves Miss Ingram not her. She does not believe him because he had only a few seconds before had been excruciatingly mean to her. To believe him she has to see his face to see what it says. To see if he is in earnest when he asks the foreboding question. She believes that she knows him so well that she can tell he is lying by the way he looks. She asks that he turn to the moonlight. Later in the night a storm appears and splits the tree in which they where sitting under in two. I think this symbolises that something will come in between them. But when trees are thunder struck the base and roots are kept intact which I think means that even though they split up they will still love each other deep down. And stunted trees can grow again so they may get back together.